„Hry hraji, proto\u017ee jsem hrav\u00fd a r\u00e1d ob\u010das ute\u010du do virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho sv\u011bta fantazie“, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Jakub. „Dobr\u00e1 RPG hra (role-playing game, neboli hra na hrdiny, pozn. autorky) mne vt\u00e1hne sv\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem a chci ji dohr\u00e1t u\u017e jen proto, abych se dozv\u011bd\u011bl, jak to na konci dopadne. V jin\u00fdch hr\u00e1ch se mohu sezn\u00e1mit s aktivitami, kter\u00e9 nezn\u00e1m a z\u00edsk\u00e1m tak o nich p\u0159ehled. Velkou v\u00fdzvu pro m\u011b p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed logick\u00e9 h\u00e1danky. Na to p\u0159ece mus\u00edm p\u0159ij\u00edt!“ <\/span><\/p>\n Mo\u017enost ut\u00e9ci do sv\u011bta fantazie, st\u00e1t se na chv\u00edli n\u011bk\u00fdm jin\u00fdm, lep\u0161\u00edm a siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm, je jedn\u00edm z d\u016fvod\u016f t\u00e9to z\u00e1liby. Dal\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednkou je z\u00e1bavnost a dobrovolnost. P\u0159estane-li n\u00e1s hra bavit nebo jsme-li k n\u00ed donuceni, p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u00fdt hrou a st\u00e1v\u00e1 se povinnost\u00ed. Mimoto, mnoho hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f p\u0159itahuj\u00ed hry, kter\u00e9 objektivn\u011b nejsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 z\u00e1bavn\u00e9, pro \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed l\u00e1kavou mo\u017enost odreagov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo v\u00fdzvu. A\u0165 ji\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o pora\u017een\u00ed soupe\u0159e nebo vylu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed hlavolamu.<\/span><\/p>\n Psychologov\u00e9 nach\u00e1zej\u00ed mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d si hr\u00e1t. Existuje nep\u0159ebern\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed her. N\u011bkter\u00e9 zprost\u0159edkuj\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed pozn\u00e1n\u00ed sebe sama, jin\u00e9 rozv\u00edjej\u00ed my\u0161len\u00ed a kreativitu, procvi\u010duj\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165, smysly i post\u0159eh. Didaktick\u00e9 hry nen\u00e1siln\u011b v\u0161t\u011bpuj\u00ed nov\u00e9 znalosti a seznamovac\u00ed hry jsou \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny i v psychoterapii k nav\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed kontaktu a ztr\u00e1t\u011b z\u00e1bran. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je ale zejm\u00e9na propojen\u00ed schopnosti si hr\u00e1t a kreativity. <\/span><\/p>\n Kdo si hraje, je… ?<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Samotn\u00fd fakt, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk r\u00e1d hraje spole\u010densk\u00e9 hry, o n\u011bm leccos prozrazuje. P\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm, \u017ee je hrav\u00fd. Hravost b\u00fdv\u00e1 zn\u00e1mkou kreativn\u00ed, n\u00e1padit\u00e9 a nov\u00fdm v\u011bcem otev\u0159en\u00e9 osobnosti. Hrav\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk neb\u00fdv\u00e1 l\u00edn\u00fd ani rigidn\u00ed. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b jsou popul\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u0161emo\u017en\u00e9 kv\u00edzy, ankety a pseudopsychotesty, kter\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i slibuj\u00ed zprost\u0159edkovat pozn\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 osobnosti. Hra n\u00e1m m\u016f\u017ee stejn\u011b tak nastavit <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n cenn\u00e9 zrcadlo. Nem\u00e1me-li chu\u0165 p\u0159ijmout v\u00fdzvu a alespo\u0148 \u010das od \u010dasu si n\u011bco zahr\u00e1t, je to varov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 mozek pomalu leniv\u00ed, nechce se mu do nov\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00ed a je pro n\u011bj p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 se zam\u00fd\u0161let nad nestandardn\u00edmi probl\u00e9my, na jejich\u017e vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nesta\u010d\u00ed zku\u0161enost. Ale mo\u017en\u00e1 se jedn\u00e1 jen dlouhodobou \u00fanavu.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n D\u016fvod\u016f nechuti ke hran\u00ed v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00edce, nap\u0159\u00edklad strach z p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 prohry, ne\u00fasp\u011bchu a selh\u00e1n\u00ed. Podle J. R\u016f\u017ei\u010dky m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk sv\u016fj motiva\u010dn\u00ed profil, kter\u00fd ur\u010duje skladbu a intenzitu jeho motiv\u016f. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tohoto je i orientace na \u00fasp\u011bch versus orientace na vlastn\u00ed \u010dinnost. P\u0159i orientaci na vlastn\u00ed \u010dinnost je rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 hra nab\u00edz\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed z mezilidsk\u00e9 interakce, kter\u00e1 k n\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed. P\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1-li orientace na \u00fasp\u011bch, nen\u00ed pro jedince a\u017e tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, jak\u00e9 \u010dinnosti se v\u011bnuje, ale je pro n\u011bj kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9, zda v n\u00ed dos\u00e1hne \u00fasp\u011bchu. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tohoto motiva\u010dn\u00edho profilu je t\u00e9\u017e dimenze orientace na \u00fasp\u011bch versus orientace na vyhnut\u00ed se ne\u00fasp\u011bchu. P\u0159eva\u017euje-li obava z p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9ho ne\u00fasp\u011bchu, jedinec se bude sna\u017eit nevyhled\u00e1vat situace, v nich\u017e ne\u00fasp\u011bch hroz\u00ed, a bude dr\u017eet zajet\u00fdch kolej\u00ed a rutiny. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Je-li touha po \u00fasp\u011bchu, tj. po v\u00fdh\u0159e siln\u00e1, dok\u00e1\u017ee aktivovat i m\u00e9n\u011b sv\u011btl\u00e9 str\u00e1nky osobnosti. N\u011bkolik proher za sebou spolehliv\u011b odhal\u00ed, nakolik je \u010dlov\u011bk vyrovnan\u00fd nebo naopak impulzivn\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b se sklony k agresivit\u011b. Mo\u017en\u00e1 kdyby se potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed obchodn\u00ed partne\u0159i nebo nov\u00ed zam\u011bstnanci „prov\u011b\u0159ili“ nevinnou spole\u010denskou hrou, v\u00fdsledky by byly zaj\u00edmav\u00e9. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Hrav\u00ed lid\u00e9 b\u00fdvaj\u00ed tvo\u0159iv\u00ed<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n V\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd Jakub je v\u016fbec zaj\u00edmav\u00fd chlap\u00edk. V\u0161\u00edm\u00e1 si v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00fdch si v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed nev\u0161imne, a p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed nad t\u00edm, nad \u010d\u00edm ostatn\u00ed m\u00e1vnou rukou nebo to pova\u017euj\u00ed za samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9. Je celkem zvykl\u00fd na pozn\u00e1mky rodinn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f „kdyby aspo\u0148 d\u011blal n\u011bco u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9ho“. N\u011bkdy je dokonce pova\u017eov\u00e1n za konfliktn\u00edho nebo nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9ho pro sv\u00e9 „\u0161\u0165ourav\u00e9“ a p\u0159\u00edmo k j\u00e1dru v\u011bci sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed dotazy. V zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed je ale vysoce oce\u0148ov\u00e1na jeho schopnost nahl\u00ed\u017eet v\u011bci z jin\u00fdch, neobvykl\u00fdch \u00fahl\u016f a p\u0159ich\u00e1zet s netradi\u010dn\u00edmi n\u00e1pady. Nejednou se mu takto poda\u0159ilo nal\u00e9zt \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu, s n\u00edm\u017e \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z jeho koleg\u016f nedok\u00e1zal hnout. Jakub spl\u0148uje v\u0161echny zn\u00e1mky kreativn\u00ed osobnosti. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Tvo\u0159iv\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed se vyzna\u010duje originalitou a flexibilitou. Vznik\u00e1 p\u0159i n\u011bm mnoho neobvykl\u00fdch n\u00e1pad\u016f, kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed b\u00fdt n\u00e1sledn\u011b analyzov\u00e1ny z hlediska pou\u017eitelnosti. Ty nejlep\u0161\u00ed jsou potom d\u00e1le rozpracov\u00e1ny. Tvo\u0159ivost nespo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 jen v chaotick\u00e9m chrlen\u00ed n\u00e1vrh\u016f, z nich\u017e mo\u017en\u00e1 vypadne n\u011bco geni\u00e1ln\u00edho a p\u0159itom jednoduch\u00e9ho. Skute\u010dn\u011b kreativn\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk mus\u00ed b\u00fdt expertem ve sv\u00e9m oboru, m\u00edt velk\u00fd p\u0159ehled a z\u00e1rove\u0148 b\u00fdt schopen zu\u017eitkovat sv\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti a znalosti. Kreativn\u00ed my\u0161lenky, maj\u00ed-li b\u00fdt cenn\u00e9, nep\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed zadarmo a bez p\u0159\u00edpravy.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Co je ale na samotn\u00e9m procesu tvo\u0159iv\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, je moment, kdy \u010dlov\u011bka „osv\u00edt\u00ed“ nov\u00e9 n\u00e1pady. \u010casto jich b\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00edc najednou a p\u0159i pohledu zp\u011bt vypadaj\u00ed nesm\u00edrn\u011b samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9 a jednoduch\u00e9. Objev\u00ed se ale pouze, nahl\u00e9dneme-li probl\u00e9m z jin\u00e9ho, neobvykl\u00e9ho \u00fahlu. Budeme-li pozorovat n\u011bjak\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt nebo m\u00edsto nehnut\u011b z jednoho bodu, t\u011b\u017eko jej dob\u0159e pozn\u00e1me a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nevy\u0159e\u0161\u00edme probl\u00e9m s n\u00edm spojen\u00fd. Poda\u0159\u00ed-li se n\u00e1m v\u0161ak poodstoupit a pod\u00edvat se na n\u011bj z jin\u00e9 strany nebo perspektivy, mo\u017en\u00e1 uvid\u00edme n\u011bco, co jsme zp\u0159edu nevid\u011bli. Takt\u00e9\u017e budeme-li p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu postupovat navykl\u00fdmi, stereotypn\u00edmi my\u0161lenkov\u00fdmi postupy (ekvivalent pohledu zp\u0159edu), mo\u017en\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed neuvid\u00edme. Tyto postupy opustit ale nen\u00ed snadn\u00e9. Edward de Bono p\u0159irovn\u00e1v\u00e1 my\u0161len\u00ed p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu k \u0161irok\u00e9mu korytu \u0159eky. Nen\u00ed snadn\u00e9 z n\u00ed vystoupit a v\u00fdsledek je nejist\u00fd, nav\u00edc zven\u010d\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee tento „my\u0161lenkov\u00fd zkrat“ vypadat pot\u0159e\u0161t\u011bn\u011b. Tento „kreativn\u00ed skok“, jak jej de Bono naz\u00fdv\u00e1, ale umo\u017en\u00ed nahl\u00e9dnout v\u011bci z jin\u00e9ho \u00fahlu. Zp\u011btn\u011b pak kreativn\u00ed skok vede k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed vedlej\u0161\u00edho ramene a \u010din\u00ed \u0159eku \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed a mohutn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Hrav\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Pro opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u0159eky rutinn\u00edho my\u0161len\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 um\u011bt pou\u017e\u00edvat divergentn\u00ed (dle de Bona later\u00e1ln\u00ed) zp\u016fsob my\u0161len\u00ed. D\u011bti, kter\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b nemaj\u00ed za\u017eit\u00e9 rutinn\u00ed postupy a nepostupuj\u00ed p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f systematicky, jej dob\u0159e znaj\u00ed. My\u0161len\u00ed divergentn\u00ed, rozb\u00edhav\u00e9, je hrav\u00e9 a chaotick\u00e9. Jeho v\u00fdsledkem nen\u00ed naj\u00edt jedno spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a dostat se k n\u011bmu doporu\u010den\u00fdm postupem jako u my\u0161len\u00ed konvergentn\u00edho. Divergentn\u00ed my\u0161len\u00ed je nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9, asociativn\u00ed, leckdy chaotick\u00e9 a\u017e zt\u0159e\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9. Nav\u00e1\u017eu-li na de Bon\u016fv p\u0159\u00edm\u011br s \u0159ekou, je neust\u00e1l\u00fdm sk\u00e1k\u00e1n\u00edm z b\u0159ehu na b\u0159eh \u0159eky na\u0161eho rutinn\u00edho my\u0161len\u00ed. Spousta v\u00fdskok\u016f je zbyte\u010dn\u00fdch a nalezen\u00e9 cesty se uk\u00e1\u017e\u00ed slep\u00fdmi, jak zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed nap\u0159. Simonton a Campbell ve sv\u00e9 teorii n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch konfigurac\u00ed, ale mnoho je i korunov\u00e1no \u00fasp\u011bchem. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Existuje nespo\u010det technik, jak divergentn\u00ed my\u0161len\u00ed a kreativitu rozv\u00edjet. Maj\u00ed ale mnoho spole\u010dn\u00e9ho. Jsou v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b hrav\u00e9 a vy\u017eaduj\u00ed zcela jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup ne\u017e na\u010d jsme zvykl\u00ed. Chu\u0165 a motivace si hr\u00e1t, podnikat i neefektivn\u00ed kroky a p\u0159ij\u00edt v\u011bcem na kloub je zde kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku hry ov\u0161em doprov\u00e1z\u00ed jist\u00e1 rozpa\u010ditost, \u010dasto a\u017e nechu\u0165 osvobodit se od za\u017eit\u00fdch stereotyp\u016f a st\u00e1t se znovu hrav\u00fdm. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Jakou si vybrat?<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Her existuje nep\u0159ebern\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed a prvn\u00ed pohled na n\u011b m\u016f\u017ee leckoho vyd\u011bsit. Princip\u016f je ale mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b, ne\u017e by se zd\u00e1lo, a orientaci usnad\u0148uje jejich kategorizace. P\u0159i vyb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed vhodn\u00e9 hry m\u016f\u017eeme volit podle v\u011bku, n\u00e1ro\u010dnosti nebo zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eeme vyb\u00edrat i podle toho, co je na\u0161\u00ed slabinou a co bychom cht\u011bli rozv\u00edjet, nebo se \u0159\u00eddit jednodu\u0161e t\u00edm, co n\u00e1s bav\u00ed. Ur\u010ditou z\u00e1rukou z\u00e1bavnosti je obl\u00edbenost n\u011bkter\u00fdch her, a\u0165 ji\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o hry stategicko-budovatelsk\u00e9 jako Osadn\u00edci z Katanu, verb\u00e1ln\u00ed Scrabble nebo nest\u00e1rnouc\u00ed \u0161achy. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n P\u0159esto\u017ee asi nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 si mezi takov\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm her nevybrat, kreativitu nejv\u00edc prov\u011b\u0159\u00ed vym\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed hry vlastn\u00ed. Nejprve je nutn\u00e9 vymyslet p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, kter\u00fd zaujme. M\u011bl by b\u00fdt zasazen do atraktivn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, a\u0165 ji\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o exotickou krajinu, dobu d\u00e1vno minulou nebo budouc\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b zcela fiktivn\u00ed zemi, kde je mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u0161e. Z p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu by m\u011bl b\u00fdt patrn\u00fd c\u00edl hry, j\u00edm\u017e mohou b\u00fdt hmotn\u00e9 statky, vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1hady nebo i hol\u00e9 p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed. Cesta k c\u00edli bude z\u00e1viset na typu hry a schopnostech, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 hra rozv\u00edjet, zcela jist\u011b by ale m\u011bla b\u00fdt pln\u00e1 n\u00e1strah. Mo\u017enost\u00ed je mnoho, n\u00e1strahy mohou b\u00fdt od fyzick\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f (hraje-li se hra v ter\u00e9nu) p\u0159es logick\u00e9 h\u00e1danky a\u017e po znalostn\u00ed kv\u00edz. Je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u0161e kombinovat. Nem\u011bl by chyb\u011bt ani prvek n\u00e1hody, zastoupen\u00fd h\u00e1zen\u00edm kostkou, v\u00fdb\u011brem z karti\u010dek, vytahov\u00e1n\u00edm „losu“ z pytl\u00edku, apod. Cesta k c\u00edli m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt oko\u0159en\u011bna slep\u00fdmi odbo\u010dkami a drobn\u00fdmi zaj\u00edmavostmi, ne ale v takov\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e, aby se v n\u00ed samotn\u00fd c\u00edl hry ztr\u00e1cel. Ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b je vhodn\u00e9 za\u010d\u00edt rad\u011bji s n\u011b\u010d\u00edm jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm, i kdy\u017e kreativit\u011b se p\u0159i h\u0159e meze nekladou!<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Mal\u00fd pr\u016fvodce rozd\u011blen\u00edm spole\u010densk\u00fdch her podle hern\u00edho principu<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Hry \tstrategick\u00e9<\/strong> – vym\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed \tse strategie, jak se dostat k c\u00edli, jak nasb\u00edrat co \tnejv\u00edc bod\u016f nebo jak porazit protivn\u00edka. P\u0159\u00edklady: \tCarcassone, d\u00e1ma<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Hry \tstrategicko-budovatelsk\u00e9<\/strong> – vym\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed se strategie, jak nejv\u00fdhodn\u011bji n\u011bco \tvybudovat, nap\u0159. m\u011bsto, ZOO, apod. P\u0159\u00edklad: Monopoly \t(budov\u00e1n\u00ed lunaparku)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Hry \tlogick\u00e9<\/strong> – je pot\u0159eba \tnaj\u00edt spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu, \tnap\u0159. uhodnout \u010d\u00edselnou kombinaci nebo spr\u00e1vnou \tcestu. Zp\u016fsob \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a strategie jsou d\u00e1ny. \tP\u0159\u00edklady: Logik, sudoku<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Hlavolamy, \tlogick\u00e9 h\u00e1danky<\/strong> – jsou zalo\u017eeny na podobn\u00e9m principu jako logick\u00e9 \thry, ale b\u00fdvaj\u00ed ur\u010den\u00e9 pro jednotlivce. Nen\u00ed \tp\u0159esn\u011b specifikov\u00e1no, jak postupovat, vynal\u00e9zavosti \tse meze nekladou. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Hry \tverb\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/strong> – jsou \tzalo\u017een\u00e9 na slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sob\u011b a nalezen\u00ed \tvhodn\u00e9ho slova. P\u0159\u00edklady: Scrabble, slovn\u00ed \tfotbal<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Hry \tdidaktick\u00e9<\/strong> – \tzprost\u0159edkov\u00e1vaj\u00ed a testuj\u00ed znalosti, jedn\u00e1 \tse p\u0159ede\u0161\u00edm o r\u016fzn\u00e9 kv\u00edzy. V z\u00e1sad\u011b \tje ale didaktick\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e1 hra, kter\u00e1 je pou\u017eita \tza \u00fa\u010delem osvojit nebo procvi\u010dit si nov\u00e9 poznatky.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Hry \tpam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9<\/strong> – jsou \tzalo\u017een\u00e9 na zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed si ur\u010dit\u00fdch \tinformac\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edklad: pexeso<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Hry \tseznamovac\u00ed <\/strong>– \u00fa\u010delem \thry je mezilidsk\u00e1 interakce, ztr\u00e1ta z\u00e1bran a \tnav\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed bli\u017e\u0161\u00edho kontaktu. Neb\u00fdvaj\u00ed \tp\u0159\u00edli\u0161 intelektu\u00e1ln\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9. \tP\u0159\u00edklad: Aktivity<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Adventures<\/strong> – hry zalo\u017een\u00e9 na p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu, p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh zde nen\u00ed \tjako dokreslen\u00ed, ale je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd. Hr\u00e1\u010d \tproch\u00e1z\u00ed po p\u0159edem ur\u010den\u00e9 cest\u011b a p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1 \tn\u00e1strahy. Co jej potk\u00e1, je ur\u010deno hlavn\u011b n\u00e1hodou \t(kostkou). P\u0159\u00edklady: Ostrov poklad\u016f, Z poh\u00e1dky do \tpoh\u00e1dky<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n RPG \thry (hry na hrdiny)<\/strong> – p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh \tje op\u011bt kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd. Hr\u00e1\u010d se identifikuje s \tpostavou, kter\u00e1 se b\u011bhem hry vyv\u00edj\u00ed, s\u00edl\u00ed \ta spolu s t\u00edm se stup\u0148uje i obt\u00ed\u017enost. Hr\u00e1\u010d \tspoluvytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159, \u010din\u00ed \trozhodnut\u00ed, kudy p\u016fjde a jak se zachov\u00e1. P\u0159\u00edklad: \tDra\u010d\u00ed doup\u011b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Psychohry<\/strong>, \tzam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na sebepozn\u00e1n\u00ed – nejsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \tobecn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9, ale lze je naj\u00edt p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \tv d\u00edlech E. Bakal\u00e1\u0159e.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n Hry \tzalo\u017een\u00e9 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na n\u00e1hod\u011b<\/strong> – velkou roli hraje prvek n\u00e1hody, ale i jist\u00e1 \tstrategie m\u016f\u017ee ovlivnit v\u00fdsledek. P\u0159\u00edklady: v\u011bt\u0161ina \tkaretn\u00edch her, \u010clov\u011b\u010de, nezlob se<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n Pozn.: Rozd\u011blen\u00ed je pon\u011bkud nejednozna\u010dn\u00e9, proto\u017ee principy v jednotliv\u00fdch hr\u00e1ch se prol\u00ednaj\u00ed stejn\u011b jako \u00fa\u010del. A jist\u011b se najdou i hry, kter\u00e9 se nepoda\u0159\u00ed za\u0159adit do \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch skupin.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Literatura:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Bakal\u00e1\u0159, E.: Dosp\u011bl\u00ed si mohou st\u00e1le hr\u00e1t. Alfa Publishing, Praha<\/span><\/p>\n Petrov\u00e1, A.: Tvo\u0159ivost v teorii a v praxi. Vodn\u00e1\u0159, Praha \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \n Jako t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed podve\u010der, Jakub vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti, kdy se jeho jeden\u00e1ctilet\u00fd syn nemus\u00ed p\u0159ipravovat do \u0161koly, a rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na st\u016fl jednu ze sv\u00fdch ob\u00edben\u00fdch her. M\u00e1 jich slu\u0161nou z\u00e1sobu, krom\u011b kupovan\u00fdch toti\u017e vym\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed i vlastn\u00ed. Dnes se oba t\u011b\u0161\u00ed na novou verzi „klasiky“ Carcassone, v n\u00ed\u017e budou coby kapit\u00e1ni […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-44","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-o-lidech","odd"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/lipinska.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/lipinska.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/lipinska.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/lipinska.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/lipinska.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=44"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"http:\/\/lipinska.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":46,"href":"http:\/\/lipinska.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44\/revisions\/46"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/lipinska.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=44"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/lipinska.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=44"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/lipinska.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=44"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"Podve\u010dern\u00ed](\"http:\/\/lipinska.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/07\/small_dsg_4989.sized-300x201.jpg\" "\\"Podve\u010dern\u00ed")
<\/p>\n![\""Oby\u010dejn\u00fd"](\"http:\/\/lipinska.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/07\/small_dsg_4908.sized-300x201.jpg\" "\\"\"Oby\u010dejn\u00fd\"")
Divergentn\u00ed my\u0161len\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v pozad\u00ed my\u0161len\u00ed konvergentn\u00edho. P\u0159esto\u017ee jej pojmenoval a upozornil na n\u011bj ji\u017e Guilford ve sv\u00e9 teorii inteligence v 50. letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed a p\u0159esto\u017ee kreativn\u00ed lid\u00e9 jsou dnes ve spole\u010dnosti velmi cen\u011bni, samotn\u00fd rozvoj tohoto typu my\u0161len\u00ed se \u010dasto opom\u00edj\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
![\"Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9](\"http:\/\/lipinska.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/07\/small_dsg_4930.sized-300x201.jpg\" "\\"Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9")
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